photon avalanche造句

• The most novel component of the APOLLO system is the integrated array of Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes ( SPADs ) used in the detector.
• For smaller photon fluxes, the photomultiplier can be operated in photon-counting, or Geiger, mode ( see also Single-photon avalanche diode ).
• The photon avalanche ( PA ) mechanism uses photon pump intensity thresholds to control the luminescence intensity, and can therefore have the highest upconversion efficiency with strong emissions.
• If very high gain is needed ( 10 5 to 10 6 ), certain APDs ( single-photon avalanche diodes ) can be operated with a reverse voltage above the APD's breakdown voltage.
• This histogram can then be fit to an exponential function that contains the exponential lifetime decay function of interest, and the lifetime parameter can accordingly be extracted . 16 ~ 64 multichannel PMT systems have been commercially available, whereas the recently demonstrated CMOS single-photon avalanche diode ( SPAD )-TCSPC FLIM systems can offer additional low-cost options.